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Cognitive Reserve (CR) refers to the preservation of cognitive function in the face of age- or disease- related neuroanatomical decline. While bilingualism is known to contribute to CR, the extent ...
Purpose of Review The aim of this review is to summarize current conceptual models of cognitive reserve (CR) and related concepts and to discuss evidence for these concepts within the context ...
Cognitive reserve and resilience refer to the set of processes allowing the preservation of cognitive performance in the presence of structural and functional brain changes. Investigations ...
variant frontotemporal dementia), demographics (sex, age, education, and country income as a proxy of socioeconomic status), cognition ( cognitive and executive functions ), structural brain reserve ...
in brain regions known to support these functions . These discrepant brain - cognition outcomes may be explained by variability in cognitive reserve (CR), which in neurological disorders has been shown ...
and differences in brain structure , activation and functional connectivity that this research reveals is an ongoing challenge. Ambiguous terminology is a major source of difficulty in this venture. Three terms ...
of CR and studies that focused on how activity varies as a function of AD pathology or cognitive performance. Exclusion criteria included reserve related to brain structure or cellular/molecular factors ...
in the first wave and subsequent changes in executive functioning was not significant. In contrast, for higher levels of cognitive reserve (+1 SD of education), a higher relational reserve in the first wave ...
without changes in DNA sequence. Epigenetic mechanisms are central to brain development, structure and function , and include DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-protein-coding RNAs. They enable ...
Cognitive reserve (CR) is thought to protect against the consequence of age- or disease- related structural brain changes across multiple cognitive domains. The neural basis of CR may therefore ...
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