6631 ETHNOHISTORY 49:2 / sheet 186 of 256 Carson argues that the Mississippian era bequeathed to the Choctaws four long-lasting structural features: (1) the chiefdom form of political organization, (2) a matrilineal kinship system, (3) a male/female division of labor, and (4) certain cosmological beliefs and symbols, including circular ritual forms, a concept of purity and pollution, a four-part division of the cosmos, and certain anomalous monsters. Much evidence can be cited in favor of this argument. But even the most basic structural underpinnings of history give way in time. One may question, for example, whether the Choctaw polity that emerged between 1700 and 1805 can properly be characterized as several ââintermediate chiefdoms.ââ While the eighteenthcentury Choctaw social order surely comprised elements of social and cultural conventions from an earlier time, the larger world in which the Choctaws existed was new. We might ask, for example, whether their leaders were not so much traditional chiefs as local strong men and mercenaries who sought to function as links in dependency relationships with their masters in the colonial world. The author makes a commendable eï¬ort to cast the historical experience of the Choctaws within the idiom of their traditional worldview.
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Race, Place, and Medicine: The Idea of the Tropics in Nineteenth-Century Brazilian Medicine; The Spectacle of the Races: Scientists, Institutions, and the Race Question in Brazil, 1870-1930
Garfield, Seth
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, Volume 49 (2)
Duke University Press – Apr 1, 2002
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