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C. Dannenberg, W. Wolfram (1998)
Ethnic identity and grammatical restructuring : Be(s) in Lumbee EnglishAmerican Speech, 73
See Beddor (1991) for an acoustic account of this tendency
(1997)
Urban Sound Change beyond City Limits: The Northern Cities Shift in Michigan
(1991)
who examined (ae) raising among African Americans in Detroit, and Frazer (1996), who studied this same feature among Mexican Americans in
There are other Latino groups in the region, most prominently Puerto Ricans, but they are not represented in this study
(2000)
Many speakers produced fairly unrounded and lowered variants of (O), and for some there appeared to be very little distinction between /A/ and /O
James Sledd, Johanna Destefano (1973)
Bidialectalism: A New Book and Some Old Issues@@@Language, Society, and Education: A Profile of Black EnglishAmerican Speech, 48
P. Eckert (2000)
Linguistic variation as social practice
M. Paolo, Alice Faber (1990)
Phonation differences and the phonetic content of the tense-lax contrast in Utah EnglishLanguage Variation and Change, 2
(1996)
The Organization of Dialect Diversity in North America.
P. Beddor (1991)
Predicting the Structure of Phonological SystemsPhonetica, 48
(1977)
White Working-Class Speech: The East Side of Chicago
W. Labov (1994)
Principles of Linguistic Change: Internal Factors
Timothy Frazer (1996)
Chicano English and Spanish Interference in the Midwestern United StatesAmerican Speech, 71
Of particular interest, in light of broader trends in American dialects (see
P. Eckert (1989)
The whole woman: Sex and gender differences in variationLanguage Variation and Change, 1
R. Fasold, Walt Wolfram (1972)
Some Linguistic Features of Negro DialectLanguage Speech and Hearing Services in Schools, 3
R. Callary (1975)
Phonological change and the development of an urban dialect in IllinoisLanguage in Society, 4
Gregory Guy (1991)
Explanation in variable phonology: An exponential model of morphological constraintsLanguage Variation and Change, 3
Whether these speakers have actually lost the phonemic distinction in this context was not investigated here and remains an open question
Daniel Jones
The pronunciation of English
(1997)
Labov's chronology and suggested that the lowering and fronting of (O) may have initiated the NCS. The issue of chronology is very much an open question
H. Kurath, R. Mcdavid (1963)
The pronunciation of English in the Atlantic States : based upon the collections of the linguistic atlas of the Eastern United StatesLanguage, 39
W. Wolfram (1996)
Delineation and description in dialectology : The case of perspective I'm in Lumbee EnglishAmerican Speech, 71
W. Labov (1990)
The intersection of sex and social class in the course of linguistic changeLanguage Variation and Change, 2
Fernando Peñalosa (1981)
Chicano sociolinguistics, a brief introduction
(1997)
Variation in Tejano English: Evidence for Variable Lexical Phonology.
(1987)
In all the cities concerned [including Chicago], we find the cities splitting into black and white components: blacks do not participate in the sound changes of the white vernacular
(1991)
Dialect Transmission and Variation.
R. Fasold, W. Labov, F. Vaughn-Cooke, G. Bailey, Walt Wolfram, A. Spears, J. Rickford (1987)
Are Black and White Vernaculars Diverging? Papers from the NWAVE XIV Panel DiscussionAmerican Speech, 62
Albert Austen, Arthur Bronstein (1960)
The Pronunciation of American EnglishAmerican Speech, 36
J. Wells (1982)
Accents of English
The words on the word list appeared in random order and were read without any carrier sentence
G. Bailey, N. Maynor (1989)
The Divergence ControversyAmerican Speech, 64
(1997)
for discussion and examples of the stigma of this feature among the general public
language offers a wealth of resources on which people may draw to meet their sociosymbolic needs. As a result, linguistic features of all sorts may come to serve as markers of whatever social distinctions are seen as important to a societyâs members. Among the distinctions marked in this way are those drawn in terms of broad categories such as gender, social class, and age, as well as others based on categories that may be relevant only in a given community. The research reported here examines the linguistic marking of distinctions constructed by ethnicity. The importance of ethnicity as a social factor shaping variation in American English is hard to deny. The sociolinguistic ramiï¬cations of ethnic divisions have been explored in numerous studies and have often been found to involve considerable linguistic differences. This is certainly the case with the best-knownâand best-studiedâethnically deï¬ned variety in the United States: African American Vernacular English (AAVE), which has been shown to incorporate several linguistic features that distinguish it from vernacular varieties used by European Americans (see, e.g., Bailey and Thomas 1998). Of course, in many American communities, ethnic categorization goes well beyond black and white, and so too may the linguistic marking
American Speech: A Quarterly of Linguistic Usage – Duke University Press
Published: Jun 1, 2000
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