selection of subjects within the two groups to be c o m p a r e d , a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of a pre-test to both groups to determine the equivalence of the groups, and administration of a posttest to c o m p a r e the d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n groups after the treatment." W h e n a c c o m p a n i e d by a statistical p r o c e d u r e like a n a l y s i s o f covariance, this design is quite robust. The second, the Solomon Four-group design, uses four groups. In this design, two e x p e r i m e n t a l g r o u p s a n d two control groups of randomly selected subjects are utilized. In both experimental groups a treatment is administered and a posttreatment observation is recorded. In o n e of the e x p e r i m e n t
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