omputers are a control technology. They allow us to create, manipulate and control data events. The spread of computers throughout our society fundamentally affects the distribution of controlling power. Andrew L. Shapiro is the Shapiro, Andrew L. second major author to characterize this as a control revolution. More than a The Control Revolution: H o w decade ago James Beniger reached the same conclusion.Ill However, in spite of the Internet is Putting Individuals the same title and high quality of study, the effects attributed to the computerin Charge and Changing the induced control revolution could not be more different: centralization for Beniger, World. decentralization for Shapiro. Public Affairs: New York, 1999 When Beniger published his book in the mid 1980s, computers were still pp. 286 ISBN 1-891620-19-3 $25.00 primarily huge, expensive machines used in corporate headquarters and government agencies. PCs were just beginning to the reach the public. The Internet did not yet reach beyond a small elite in government-funded research institutions. Up Reviewed by." Felix &alder to that point, the effect of computers had been to support centralization of conFacu~y oflnfbrmation Studies, Universityof trol in the large bureaucracies of expanding governments and mammoth corpora7bronto http:// tions. Computers
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