COMPUTER GRAPHICS PIONEERS On Frustrations of Collaborating with Artists Ken Knowlton and I have known each other for many years. My first contact with Ken had nothing to do with his involvement in computer art. While at Bell Labs, he had developed a fascinating keyboard for the telephone information operator that superimposed, through a beam-splitter, a computer screen on a keyboard with unmarked keys.The screen display allowed the keyboard markings to change dynamically as the operator s function changed...a most ingenious device. I d show his movie frequently at computer graphics talks and seminars I presented. I later learned of his pioneering work in computer art..and I m delighted he agreed to share his provocative thoughts about the work with us. Carl Machover with Artists a Programmer s Reflections, Nake & Rosenfeld, GRAPHIC LANGUAGES, North Holland Publishing Co. 1972). Though widely quoted, this blast of adjectives I now see as somewhat of a pothole in my life-long trail of paper. I later turned it into a crater, compounding my presumptuousness by flailing at the pretensions of computer art as a whole, because (1) A work of Art must answer some of these questions:
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