Marc 8er9, M.D., M.A. Department 0f Hea1th Eth1c5 and Ph11050phy Un1ver51ty 0f L1m6ur9 P.0. 80x 616 6200 MD Maa5tr1cht 7he Nether1and5 Marc.8er9 ¢ 6W.RuL1m6ur9.NL 1ntr0duct10n a pat1ent ¢5 pr061em ¢ tr1e5 t0 tran5f0rm th15 1nt0 a mana9ea61e pr061em: 0ne wh1ch matche5 her w0rk r0ut1ne5; wh1ch 1mp11e5 a11m1ted ~ t 0fact10n5 wh1ch 5he perce1ve5 w111y1e1d a 5uff1c1ent an5wer (at th15 t1me and p1ace). A 6r0ad array 0f heter09ene0u5 e1ement5 rec1pr0ca11y5hape the tran5f0rmat10n and are m0u1ded 1n th15 pr0ce55; h15t0r1ca1 data take 5hape 0r are f0r90tten, the pat1ent5 ¢ h0pe5, need5 and 5e1f-percept10n5 are tran5f0rmed, med1ca1 cr1ter1a are rec0n5tructed, 0r9an12at10na1 155ue5 dea1t w1th. What c0unt5 a5 the 501ut10n 0f the pat1ent ¢5 pr061em5 15 a re5u1t 0f 0utc0me 0f th15 tran5f0rmat10n: and e4ua11y, what c0unt5 a5 the 0r191na1 pr061em 15 redef1ned dur1n9 th15 pr0ce55 (ef. 8er9 1992 f0r a m0re e1a60rate render1n9 0f th15 ar9ument; 5ee a150 Dav15 1986; He1man 1988; Nyce and 6rave5111 1990). 1n the1r da11y pract1ce, phy51c1an5 5m00th1y c0nnect and 1nterweave the d1ver51ty0f e1ement5: a d15t1nct10n 6etween ¢5u65tant1ve ¢ and ¢50c1a1 ¢ e1ement5 15 a65ent. 0r9an12at10na1 155ue5, t0 them, are ju5t a5 much a pr061em a5 the uncerta1nty a60ut the 50urce 0f an 1nfect10n. M0re0ver, une4u1v0ca11y d15t1n9u15h1n9
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