Mathematical Roots functions has spurred many innovations in the J system. Although much o f the mathematical influence on A P L and J occurred before we began work on the companion to the Handbook, we will refer to it as much as possible, using A&S (from the initials of the editors). of J -~/ R o g e r ft. IE. H u i Kenneth E. IveJvaon A. C O N S T A N T S Table 1.1 o f A~kS illustrates the c o m m o n use o f symbols such as ~ and e, and y for various mathematical constants. J provides several classes o f constants. For example: 2pl 6.28319 Ixl 2.71828 3r4 3r4 ir2p2 4.9348 2b101 5 16b2ff 767 3j4 NB. C o m p l e x n u m b e r (rectangular form) NB.Two times pi to the p o w e r 1 exponential of 1 We had thought to call this paper "Mathematical Roots o f APL", but because we wished to concentrate mainly on the later developments, substituted J for APL. Neverthdess, we will begin with a brief discussion of some o f the
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