Human Centered Systems in the Perspectiveof Organizational and Social Informatics Rob Kling Indiana University k ling@indiana, edu, http ://php. ucs.indiana, edu/- kling Susan Leigh Star University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign s-starl @uiuc.edu 1.0 Introduction In 1993, the term "digital libraries" was popularized when it became the focus of a $24 million research program jointly sponsored by ARPA, NASA, and NSF. Many computer scientists, in fields such as human-computer interaction, artificial intelligence, information retrieval, and information systems, who had not previously been concerned with the design of libraries became keenly interested in this research opportunity. Imaginative entrepreneurial computer scientists and information scientists soon began organizing research conferences on digital libraries, and a new field was soon born. The example of digital libraries is but one example where a coalition of research agencies (or even a single agency) effectively initiates new fields and even names them. In 1997, there were several sustained discussions within the NSF about organizing research around new field labels--"human centered systems" and "knowledge and distributed intelligence." Terms like these emerge from informal discussions between research program directors and members of the research communities whom they fund. Sometimes the terms have significant intellectual or institutional histories while
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