Computing Science: Achievements and Challenges:l: Edsger W. Dijkstra Department of Computer Science The University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX 78712-1188, USA When at the close of the 20 ~ Century, I am supposed to talk about Computing Science, I am immediately faced with the question "Which Computing Science?" In my personal case I can narrow it down to "European CS or American CS", but with 32 years of European and 26 years of American employment as a computing scientist, I cannot eliminate the dilemma. (As an aside, don't add the two numbers I gave you, for there was some overlap.) To summarize my position with respect to that transatlantic difference: I cannot ignore it, but am also allowed to address the issue openly (that is, if not qualified, at least entitled). The major differences between European and American CS are that American CS is more machine-oriented, less mathematical, more closely linked to application areas, more quantitative and more willing to absorb industrial products in its curriculum. For most of these differences there are perfect historical explanations, many of which reflect the general cultural differences between the two continents, but for CS we have also to take into
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