Computers in Education: An Historical Perspective Karen Billings Clads, Inc. Mountain View, CA David Moursund University of Oregon Eugene, OR A 1972 publication from the Carnegie Commission on Higher Education cites four major educational revolutions: the invention of reading and writing, the emergence of the profession of teacher/scholar, the development of movable type which led to a major increase in availability of books, and now, electronic technology. This current, Fourth Revolution includes calculators, computers, videotape recorders, videodiscs, electronic bulletin boards, computerized databanks, telecommunication satellites, fiber optics, cellular telephones, etc. This electronic technology is facilitating a major change in the way we store, process, and retrieve information, and the way we communicate. It is evident that each of the first three revolutions profoundly changed our world and that electronic technology will eventually lead to major changes in our educational system. One major goal of education is to help increase students' abilities to solve problems. Computers can play a major role in supporting this learning. The single most important idea in problem solving is that of building on the previous work of oneself and others, as one works to solve problems. Reading, writing, and arithmetic are essential to this endeavor,
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