Book Excerpt exploiting system loopholes to steal data or damage other people's work (today's conventional conception of hacking)? But the people who intend to steal and disrupt usually know that they are harming others--whether for motives like the pleasures of skillful transgression, narcissistic pleasure, personal gain, revenge, and so on. There is a strong romance to outlaw cultures and some of the hacker attacks seem to be youthful modem versions of keyboard bandits wishing to be Billy the Kid or Bonnie and Clyde. And in some cases, there has been an intriguing synergy when hackers have met openly with corporate computer security experts and FBI agents at meetings like the annual Computers, Freedom and Privacy conference (partly sponsored by the Association for Computing Machinery), or the more underground Def Con (Armstrong, 1994). One of the biases of the literature about "hackers as outlaws" (for example Hafner and Markoff, 1991) is the focus on individilals or small groups of"bad guys" harming establishment organizations and their clients. It is easy to energize a moral drama against acne-faced teenagers with pseudonyms like Captain Crunch or Pfiber Optik who try to enter computer systems owned by banks or the US military. And
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