Bad Graphs, good Lessons Alan J. Davis PricewaterhouseCoopers " T h e y c o m e by it honestly," we say of p r o g e n y w h o seem t o have i n h e r i t e d a distinctive talent or characteristic. So, when computer visualizations lie and confuse, at least they come by it honestly.That's because clara graphs constitute an important, branch in their lineage and yet are, surprisingly often, not trustworthy. Graphs have spawned useful design guidelines (e.g., avoid 3D for 2D data;Tufte's shrink principle: graphs can be shrunk way down) [10]. Some of these relate to the psychology of perception (e.g., be careful when red meets blue [7]). This article, however, ser,s o u t a selection of broader lessons - observations about displays and how difficulties can arise that can be extrapolated to various forms of visualization. The illustrar,ions in this article are based on real examples published in annual reports, magazines and newspapers. References to "the reader" are intended to apply to users of visualizations, regardless of the display medium. quantitative 1993 research r e p o r t [ 5 ] . A
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