This paper presents a workload characterization study for Internet Web servers. Six different data sets are used in this study: three from academic environments, two from scientific research organizations, and one from a commercial Internet provider. Throughout the study, emphasis is placed on finding workload invariants : observations that apply, or seem to apply, across all the data sets studied. Ten invariants are identified. These invariants are deemed important since they potentially represent universal truths for all Internet Web servers.
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