Origin and Evolution of the Unique Hepatitis C Virus Circulating Recombinant Form 2k/1b Jayna Raghwani a , Xiomara V. Thomas b , Sylvie M. Koekkoek b , Janke Schinkel b , Richard Molenkamp b , Thijs J. van de Laar c , Yutaka Takebe d , Yasuhito Tanaka e , Masashi Mizokami f , Andrew Rambaut a , g and Oliver G. Pybus h a Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh, United Kingdom b Academic Medical Center, Department of Medical Microbiology, Section of Clinical Virology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands c VU University Medical Centre, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amsterdam, The Netherlands d AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan e Department of Virology and Liver Unit, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan f The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan g Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA h Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom ABSTRACT Since its initial identification in St. Petersburg, Russia, the recombinant hepatitis C virus (HCV) 2k/1b has been isolated from several countries throughout Eurasia. The 2k/1b strain is the only recombinant HCV to have spread widely, raising questions about the epidemiological background in which it first appeared. In order to further understand the circumstances by which HCV recombinants might be formed and spread, we estimated the date of the recombination event that generated the 2k/1b strain using a Bayesian phylogenetic approach. Our study incorporates newly isolated 2k/1b strains from Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and has employed a hierarchical Bayesian framework to combine information from different genomic regions. We estimate that 2k/1b originated sometime between 1923 and 1956, substantially before the first detection of the strain in 1999. The timescale and the geographic spread of 2k/1b suggest that it originated in the former Soviet Union at about the time that the world's first centralized national blood transfusion and storage service was being established. We also reconstructed the epidemic history of 2k/1b using coalescent theory-based methods, matching patterns previously reported for other epidemic HCV subtypes. This study demonstrates the practicality of jointly estimating dates of recombination from flanking regions of the breakpoint and further illustrates that rare genetic-exchange events can be particularly informative about the underlying epidemiological processes.
Origin and Evolution of the Unique Hepatitis C Virus Circulating Recombinant Form 2k/1b
Abstract
Origin and Evolution of the Unique Hepatitis C Virus Circulating Recombinant Form 2k/1b Jayna Raghwani a , Xiomara V. Thomas b , Sylvie M. Koekkoek b , Janke Schinkel b , Richard Molenkamp b , Thijs J. van de Laar c , Yutaka Takebe d , Yasuhito Tanaka e , Masashi Mizokami f , Andrew Rambaut a , g and Oliver G. Pybus h a Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh, United Kingdom b Academic Medical Center, Department of Medical Microbiology, Section of Clinical Virology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands c VU University Medical Centre, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amsterdam, The Netherlands d AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan e Department of Virology and Liver Unit, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan f The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan g Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA h Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom ABSTRACT Since its initial identification in St. Petersburg, Russia, the recombinant hepatitis C virus (HCV) 2k/1b has been isolated from several countries throughout Eurasia. The 2k/1b strain is the only recombinant HCV to have spread widely, raising questions about the epidemiological background in which it first appeared. In order to further understand the circumstances by which HCV recombinants might be formed and spread, we estimated the date of the recombination event that generated the 2k/1b strain using a Bayesian phylogenetic approach. Our study incorporates newly isolated 2k/1b strains from Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and has employed a hierarchical Bayesian framework to combine information from different genomic regions. We estimate that 2k/1b originated sometime between 1923 and 1956, substantially before the first detection of the strain in 1999. The timescale and the geographic spread of 2k/1b suggest that it originated in the former Soviet Union at about the time that the world's first centralized national blood transfusion and storage service was being established. We also reconstructed the epidemic history of 2k/1b using coalescent theory-based methods, matching patterns previously reported for other epidemic HCV subtypes. This study demonstrates the practicality of jointly estimating dates of recombination from flanking regions of the breakpoint and further illustrates that rare genetic-exchange events can be particularly informative about the underlying epidemiological processes.Preview Only. This article cannot be rented because we do not currently have permission from the publisher.
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Origin and Evolution of the Unique Hepatitis C Virus Circulating Recombinant Form 2k/1b
Raghwani, Jayna; Thomas, Xiomara V.; Koekkoek, Sylvie M.; Schinkel, Janke; Molenkamp, Richard; van de Laar, Thijs J.; Takebe, Yutaka; Tanaka, Yasuhito; Mizokami, Masashi; Rambaut, Andrew; Pybus, Oliver G.
Follow Journal of Virology
, Volume 86 (4): 2212
American Society For Microbiology – Feb 15, 2012
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