Genomics of Bacterial and Archaeal Viruses: Dynamics within the Prokaryotic Virosphere Mart Krupovic 1 , * , David Prangishvili 1 , Roger W. Hendrix 2 and Dennis H. Bamford 3 1 Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie Moléculaire du Gène chez les Extrêmophiles, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France 2 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260 3 Department of Biosciences and Institute of Biotechnology, Viikki Biocenter 2, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5), University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland SUMMARY Summary: Prokaryotes, bacteria and archaea, are the most abundant cellular organisms among those sharing the planet Earth with human beings (among others). However, numerous ecological studies have revealed that it is actually prokaryotic viruses that predominate on our planet and outnumber their hosts by at least an order of magnitude. An understanding of how this viral domain is organized and what are the mechanisms governing its evolution is therefore of great interest and importance. The vast majority of characterized prokaryotic viruses belong to the order Caudovirales, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) bacteriophages with tails. Consequently, these viruses have been studied (and reviewed) extensively from both genomic and functional perspectives. However, albeit numerous, tailed phages represent only a minor fraction of the prokaryotic virus diversity. Therefore, the knowledge which has been generated for this viral system does not offer a comprehensive view of the prokaryotic virosphere. In this review, we discuss all families of bacterial and archaeal viruses that contain more than one characterized member and for which evolutionary conclusions can be attempted by use of comparative genomic analysis. We focus on the molecular mechanisms of their genome evolution as well as on the relationships between different viral groups and plasmids. It becomes clear that evolutionary mechanisms shaping the genomes of prokaryotic viruses vary between different families and depend on the type of the nucleic acid, characteristics of the virion structure, as well as the mode of the life cycle. We also point out that horizontal gene transfer is not equally prevalent in different virus families and is not uniformly unrestricted for diverse viral functions.
Genomics of Bacterial and Archaeal Viruses: Dynamics within the Prokaryotic Virosphere
Abstract
Genomics of Bacterial and Archaeal Viruses: Dynamics within the Prokaryotic Virosphere Mart Krupovic 1 , * , David Prangishvili 1 , Roger W. Hendrix 2 and Dennis H. Bamford 3 1 Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie Moléculaire du Gène chez les Extrêmophiles, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France 2 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260 3 Department of Biosciences and Institute of Biotechnology, Viikki Biocenter 2, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5), University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland SUMMARY Summary: Prokaryotes, bacteria and archaea, are the most abundant cellular organisms among those sharing the planet Earth with human beings (among others). However, numerous ecological studies have revealed that it is actually prokaryotic viruses that predominate on our planet and outnumber their hosts by at least an order of magnitude. An understanding of how this viral domain is organized and what are the mechanisms governing its evolution is therefore of great interest and importance. The vast majority of characterized prokaryotic viruses belong to the order Caudovirales, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) bacteriophages with tails. Consequently, these viruses have been studied (and reviewed) extensively from both genomic and functional perspectives. However, albeit numerous, tailed phages represent only a minor fraction of the prokaryotic virus diversity. Therefore, the knowledge which has been generated for this viral system does not offer a comprehensive view of the prokaryotic virosphere. In this review, we discuss all families of bacterial and archaeal viruses that contain more than one characterized member and for which evolutionary conclusions can be attempted by use of comparative genomic analysis. We focus on the molecular mechanisms of their genome evolution as well as on the relationships between different viral groups and plasmids. It becomes clear that evolutionary mechanisms shaping the genomes of prokaryotic viruses vary between different families and depend on the type of the nucleic acid, characteristics of the virion structure, as well as the mode of the life cycle. We also point out that horizontal gene transfer is not equally prevalent in different virus families and is not uniformly unrestricted for diverse viral functions.Preview Only. This article cannot be rented because we do not currently have permission from the publisher.
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Genomics of Bacterial and Archaeal Viruses: Dynamics within the Prokaryotic Virosphere
Krupovic, Mart; Prangishvili, David; Hendrix, Roger W.; Bamford, Dennis H.
Follow Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
, Volume 75 (4): 610
American Society For Microbiology – Dec 1, 2011
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