Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
Randy Brown, Chidong Zhang (1997)
Variability of midtropospheric moisture and its effect on cloud-top height distribution during TOGA COAREJournal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 54
G. Heymsfield, J. Shepherd, S. Bidwell, W. Boncyk, I. Caylor, S. Ameen, W. Olson (1996)
Structure of Florida Thunderstorms Using High-Altitude Aircraft Radiometer and Radar ObservationsJournal of Applied Meteorology, 35
K. Droegemeier, R. Wilhelmson (1985)
Three-Dimensional Numerical Modeling of Convection Produced by Interacting Thunderstorm Outflows. Part I: Control Simulation and Low-Level Moisture VariationsJournal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 42
Melville Nicholls, R. Pielke, W. Cotton (1991)
A Two-Dimensional Numerical Investigation of the interaction between Sea Breezes and Deep Convection over the Florida PeninsulaMonthly Weather Review, 119
David Blanchard, R. López (1985)
Spatial Patterns of Convection in South FloridaMonthly Weather Review, 113
J. Simpson, N. Westcott, R. Clerman, R. Pielke (1980)
On cumulus mergersArchiv für Meteorologie, Geophysik und Bioklimatologie, Serie A, 29
Chichung Lin, A. Arakawa (1997)
The Macroscopic Entrainment Processes of Simulated Cumulus Ensemble. Part I: Entrainment SourcesJournal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 54
H. Byers, H. Rodebush (1948)
CAUSES OF THUNDERSTORMS OF THE FLORIDA PENINSULAJournal of Meteorology, 5
J. Charba (1974)
Application of Gravity Current Model to Analysis of Squall-Line Gust FrontMonthly Weather Review, 102
Chichung Lin, A. Arakawa (1997)
The Macroscopic Entrainment Processes of Simulated Cumulus Ensemble. Part II: Testing the Entraining-Plume ModelJournal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 54
Chaing-Heins Chen (1995)
Numerical Simulations of Gravity Currents in Uniform Shear FlowsMonthly Weather Review, 123
S. Yuter, R. Houze (1995)
Three-Dimensional Kinematic and Microphysical Evolution of Florida Cumulonimbus. Part I: Spatial Distribution of Updrafts, Downdrafts, and PrecipitationMonthly Weather Review, 123
W. Tao, J. Scala, B. Ferrier, J. Simpson (1995)
The Effect of Melting Processes on the Development of a Tropical and a Midlatitude Squall LineJournal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 52
R. López, P. Gannon, David Blanchard, C. Balch (1984)
Synoptic and Regional Circulation Parameters Associated with the Degree of Convective Shower Activity in South FloridaMonthly Weather Review, 112
J. Simpson (1987)
Gravity Currents
A. Watson, R. Holle, R. López, R. Ortiz, J. Nicholson (1991)
Surface wind convergence as a short-term predictor of cloud-to-ground lightning at Kennedy Space CenterWeather and Forecasting, 6
J. Fankhauser, N. Crook, J. Tuttle, L. Miller, C. Wade (1995)
Initiation of Deep Convection along Boundary Layer Convergence Lines in a Semitropical EnvironmentMonthly Weather Review, 123
A. Arakawa, W. Schubert (1974)
Interaction of a Cumulus Cloud Ensemble with the Large-Scale Environment, Part IJournal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 31
J. Simpson, C. Kummerow, W. Tao, R. Adler (1996)
On the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM)Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 60
J. Halverson, M. Garstang, J. Scala, W. Tao (1996)
Water and Energy Budgets of a Florida Mesoscale Convective System: A Combined Observational and Modeling StudyMonthly Weather Review, 124
J. Simpson (1983)
Cumulus Clouds: Early Aircraft Observations and Entrainment Hypotheses
R. Arritt (1993)
Effects of the Large-Scale Flow on Characteristic Features of the Sea BreezeJournal of Applied Meteorology, 32
H. Cooper, M. Garstang, J. Simpson (1982)
The Diurnal Interaction Between Convection and Peninsular-Scale Forcing Over South FloridaMonthly Weather Review, 110
Neil Frank, P. Moore, G. Fisher (1967)
Summer Shower Distribution Over the Florida Peninsula as Deduced from Digitized Radar DataJournal of Applied Meteorology, 6
R. Fovell, P. Tan (1998)
The Temporal Behavior of Numerically Simulated Multicell-Type Storms. Part II: The Convective Cell Life Cycle and Cell RegenerationMonthly Weather Review, 126
N. Crook (1996)
Sensitivity of Moist Convection Forced by Boundary Layer Processes to Low-Level Thermodynamic FieldsMonthly Weather Review, 124
B. Ferrier, R. Houze (1989)
One-Dimensional Time-Dependent Modeling of GATE Cumulonimbus ConvectionJournal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 46
H. Stommel (1947)
ENTRAINMENT OF AIR INTO A CUMULUS CLOUDJournal of Meteorology, 4
C. Mueller, James Wilson, N. Crook (1993)
The Utility of Sounding and Mesonet Data to Nowcast Thunderstorm InitiationWeather and Forecasting, 8
P. Rao, H. Fuelberg, K. Droegemeier (1999)
High-Resolution Modeling of the Cape Canaveral Area Land-Water Circulations and Associated FeaturesMonthly Weather Review, 127
Robert Burpee (1979)
Peninsula-Scale Convergence in the South Florida Sea BreezeMonthly Weather Review, 107
James Wilson, D. Megenhardt (1997)
Thunderstorm Initiation, Organization, and Lifetime Associated with Florida Boundary Layer Convergence LinesMonthly Weather Review, 125
L. Xin, G. Reuter (1996)
Numerical Simulation of the Effects of Mesoscale Convergence on Convective Rain ShowersMonthly Weather Review, 124
Neil Frank, Daniel Smith (1968)
On the Correlation of Radar Echoes over Florida with Various Meteorological ParametersJournal of Applied Meteorology, 7
S. Day (1953)
HORIZONTAL CONVERGENCE AND THE OCCURRENCE OF SUMMER PRECIPITATION AT MIAMI, FLORIDAMonthly Weather Review, 81
S. Ulanski, M. Garstang (1978)
The Role of Surface Divergence and Vorticity in the Life Cycle of Convective Rainfall. Part I: Observation and AnalysisJournal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 35
Brad Ferrier, J. Simpson, W. Tao (1996)
Factors Responsible for Precipitation Efficiencies in Midlatitude and Tropical Squall SimulationsMonthly Weather Review, 124
H. Fuelberg, D. Biggar (1994)
The Preconvective Environment of Summer Thunderstorms over the Florida PanhandleWeather and Forecasting, 9
K. Hondl, M. Eilts (1994)
Doppler Radar Signatures of Developing Thunderstorms and Their Potential to Indicate the Onset of Cloud-to-Ground LightningMonthly Weather Review, 122
G. Tripoli, W. Cotton (1980)
A Numerical Investigation of Several Factors Contributing to the Observed Variable Intensity of Deep Convection over South FloridaJournal of Applied Meteorology, 19
A. Blyth (1993)
Entrainment in Cumulus CloudsJournal of Applied Meteorology, 32
R. Braham (1952)
THE WATER AND ENERGY BUDGETS OF THE THUNDERSTORM AND THEIR RELATION TO THUNDERSTORM DEVELOPMENTJournal of Meteorology, 9
M. Weisman, J. Klemp (1982)
The Dependence of Numerically Simulated Convective Storms on Vertical Wind Shear and BuoyancyMonthly Weather Review, 110
R. Wakimoto, D. Kingsmill (1995)
Structure of an Atmospheric Undular Bore Generated from Colliding Boundaries during CaPEMonthly Weather Review, 123
R. Gentry, P. Moore (1954)
RELATION OF LOCAL AND GENERAL WIND INTERACTION NEAR THE SEA COAST TO TIME AND LOCATION OF AIR-MASS SHOWERSJournal of Meteorology, 11
J. Mcilveen (1987)
Basic Meteorology: A Physical Outline
Bruce Lee, R. Farley, M. Hjelmfelt (1991)
A numerical case study of convection initiation along colliding convergence boundaries in Northeast ColoradoJournal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 48
C. Lucas, E. Zipser, B. Ferrier (2000)
Sensitivity of Tropical West Pacific Oceanic Squall Lines to Tropospheric Wind and Moisture ProfilesJournal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 57
Juanzhen Sun, N. Crook (1998)
Dynamical and Microphysical Retrieval from Doppler Radar Observations Using a Cloud Model and Its Adjoint. Part II: Retrieval Experiments of an Observed Florida Convective StormJournal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 55
Central Florida is the ideal test laboratory for studying convergence zone–induced convection. The region regularly experiences sea-breeze fronts and rainfall-induced outflow boundaries. The focus of this study is convection associated with the commonly occurring convergence zone established by the interaction of the sea-breeze front and an outflow boundary. Previous studies have investigated mechanisms primarily affecting storm initiation by such convergence zones. Few have focused on rainfall morphology, yet these storms contribute a significant amount of precipitation to the annual rainfall budget. Low-level convergence and midtropospheric moisture have been shown to be correlated with rainfall amounts in Florida. Using 2D and 3D numerical simulations, the roles of low-level convergence and midtropospheric moisture in rainfall evolution are examined. The results indicate that area- and time-averaged, vertical moisture flux (VMF) at the sea-breeze front–outflow convergence zone is directly and linearly proportional to initial condensation rates. A similar relationship exists between VMF and initial rainfall. The VMF, which encompasses depth and magnitude of convergence, is better correlated to initial rainfall production than surface moisture convergence. This extends early observational studies that linked rainfall in Florida to surface moisture convergence. The amount and distribution of midtropospheric moisture affects how much rainfall associated with secondary cells develop. Rainfall amount and efficiency varied significantly over an observable range of relative humidities in the 850–500-mb layer even though rainfall evolution was similar during the initial or “first cell” period. Rainfall variability was attributed to drier midtropospheric environments inhibiting secondary cell development through entrainment effects. Observationally, a 850–500-mb moisture structure exhibits wider variability than lower-level moisture, which is virtually always present in Florida. A likely consequence of the variability in 850–500-mb moisture is a stronger statistical correlation to rainfall as noted in previous observational studies. The VMF at convergence zones is critical in determining rainfall in the initial stage of development but plays a decreasing role in rainfall evolution as the system matures. The midtropospheric moisture (e.g., environment) plays an increasing role in rainfall evolution as the system matures. This suggests the need to improve measurements of depth and magnitude of convergence and midtropospheric moisture distribution. It also highlights that the influence of the environment needs to be better represented in convective parameterizations of larger-scale models to account for entrainment effects.
Monthly Weather Review – American Meteorological Society
Published: Jan 14, 2000
Read and print from thousands of top scholarly journals.
Already have an account? Log in
Bookmark this article. You can see your Bookmarks on your DeepDyve Library.
To save an article, log in first, or sign up for a DeepDyve account if you don’t already have one.
Copy and paste the desired citation format or use the link below to download a file formatted for EndNote
Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
All DeepDyve websites use cookies to improve your online experience. They were placed on your computer when you launched this website. You can change your cookie settings through your browser.