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Five years have passed since the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) closed its solemn proceedings in Rio de Janeiro in June of 1992. It is a good moment to step back, take a breath, and ask: What has changed? Has there been progress on the implementation of the conventions, agreements, and plans and programs of action adopted by that landmark conference and the subsequent conferences mandated by the Rio event? How "integrated" really is "integrated marine and coastal manage- ment"? BIRD'S EYE VIEW Intergovernmental and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), responsi- ble citizens, and academic and political fora in all parts of the world are discussing this question: What has changed? The emerging consensus ap- pears to be that the record is mixed. On the positive side, it is remarkable that all the conferences envisaged at Rio in 1992 have been held on schedule. By and large they have been quite successful, both with regard to attendance and to substance. The par- ticipation of the nongovernmental sector, the "civil society," has been en- couraging. Specific programs and global action plans were agreed on and adopted. On the negative side, it is all too clear that commitments by
Ocean Yearbook Online – Brill
Published: Jan 1, 1998
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