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INTRODUCTION The Arctic region has been peopled, albeit thinly, for thousands of years.' I In the eyes of the outside world even the High Arctic has had a storied past for well over 400 years.2 Yet the Arctic Ocean remains the most remote, most inaccessible, and most mysterious of all our seas. During the first half of the 20th century, advances in vessel technology were just beginning to offer a glimpse of a more eventful future for the Arctic Ocean. However, the two-generational Cold War era (1946-89) had the effect of paralyzing almost any effort to achieve cooperative arrange- ments among the five littoral states adjacent to the Arctic Ocean: Canada, Denmark (for Greenland), Norway, Russia and the United States (the "Arc- tic Five").3 Only in the early 1990s did hopes for significant international cooperation start to become realistic. Since then the Arctic Ocean has been "re-discovered" by the international community. The future of that frozen sea, and of the circumpolar North in general, has become a candidate for inclusion on the global public policy agenda, despite the fact that most of the region consists of sovereign lands and national waters. Most of the new global concern about
Ocean Yearbook Online – Brill
Published: Jan 1, 2003
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