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examined: What has been the actual role of Sufism in past and present Caucasian wars? In discussing the upheavals of the 1990s, he states that "the tradition of Sufi brotherhoods was one of the most important elements in maintaining morale and a sense of ethnic iden- tity." (p. 154) In a recent Encyclopedia of Islam entry, Alexander Knysh concludes that while Shamil's movement clearly focused on promoting Islamic belief and practice, it had only loose ties to the Naqshbandi Sufi order, in contrast to Moshe Gammer and Anna Zelkina, who portray Shamil as a Naqshbandi master. Scholarly uncertainty about Shamil's Sufi affiliations suggests the need to be more cautious in drawing parallels be- tween the 1840s and the 1990s based principally on any enduring "Sufi" allegiances. A l l a y Mountains is more comprehensive than many other recent works by journal- ists on Chechnya, particularly because of its discussion of the region's history and cul- ture. It is also livelier than most scholarly books about the war. Perhaps Anat61 Lieven's Chechnya: Toinbstone of Russian Power ( 1998) is the recent work most comparable to it. Lieven's work, in my opinion, is somewhat better than Smith's, because Lieven
Canadian-American Slavic Studies – Brill
Published: Jan 1, 2003
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