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East Central Europe 38 (2011) 79–96 © Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2011 DOI 10.1163/187633011X574356 brill.nl/eceu Critics, Commentators and Opponents of Eugenics 1880s–1950s Paul Weindling Department of History, Oxford Brookes University, UK Abstract How the rise of eugenics was subjected to constant criticisms, which shaped and adapted the concerns of eugenicists in Central Europe, is assessed in this paper. Initially, the criticisms took the form of journal articles and books by individual authors like the social scientist Friedrich Hertz and the anatomist Oscar Hertwig. Although there were clear diff erences between pro- natalists (seeking to maintain the birth rate) and eugenicists, the criticisms remained at an indi- vidual level – essentially as contributions to a public discourse. However, there arose a concerted international attempt to counter racialised forms of eugenics in response to National Socialism, when the critics formed organisations across Europe. Here we see the Central European critique shaping a wider resistance to biologically based racial programmes. Keywords eugenics, racial hygiene, Darwinism, critics of eugenics, Alfred Ploetz, Friedrich Hertz, Ignaz Zollschan, concept of race, genocide Central Europe in the fi rst half of the twentieth century was not only a caul- dron of simmering inter-ethnic tension but it
East Central Europe – Brill
Published: Jan 1, 2011
Keywords: GENOCIDE; ALFRED PLOETZ; CONCEPT OF RACE; DARWINISM; RACIAL HYGIENE; IGNAZ ZOLLSCHAN; FRIEDRICH HERTZ; EUGENICS; CRITICS OF EUGENICS
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