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2 trade with the enemy was threatened with heavy punishments4. As a rule neutrals as well as nationals were permitted to entertain commercial relations with inimical subjects, especially with those of the Southern Netherlands, on payment of duties, called "convoys" and (or) "licenses"5. The advantages of this system were twofold. On the one hand the vitally important provinces of Holland and Zealand could maintain their flourishing trades and industries; on the other hand the output of the licenses contributed to cover the costs of the war. Consequently, instead of being pernicious, trade with the enemy was conditional to the Netherlands' successful resistance against the Spanish foe 6 The chief difficulty, of course, was the levying of licenses where neutrals were concerned. Dutch merchants had to pay them at inland offices, but from foreigners they were collected on the river Scheldt, the mouth of which was under Northern control. In 1572, immediately after the surprise of The Brill by the Beggars of the Sea, Flushing had joined the insurrection and two years later the conquest of Middelburg had completed the control of the river. This meant that neutrals, trading to the Spanish Netherlands along the Scheldt, could at certain
The Legal History Review / Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis / Revue d'Histoire du Droit – Brill
Published: Jan 1, 1974
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