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* Counsel, Human Rights Law Section, Department of Justice Canada. This article is a modified version of the author’s dissertation written in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the LL.M. in International Human Rights Law at the University of Essex, U.K. It contains the author’s personal views that are not nec- essarily shared by the Department of Justice or the Government of Canada. An earlier version was presented at In Search of Security: An International Conference on Policing and Security (Law Commission of Canada, February 19–22, 2003, Montréal). 1 D.A. Sklansky, “The Private Police” 46 U.C.L.A. L. Rev. 1165 (April 1999), p. 1166. 2 In the United States, the ratio of private security guards to police shifted from 1:1.4 in 1970 to 3:1 by 1997. Australia, Canada, Japan, South Africa and the United Kingdom also have more private security guards than police officers. Growth of the private security industry in Europe has been strong, though not as explo- sive as in the United States, with police personnel still outnumbering private security personnel in 1996 “Private” security guards: Privatized force and State responsibility under international human rights law ALEXIS P. KONTOS* “For most lawyers and scholars, private security is
Non-State Actors and International Law (continued in International Community Law Review) – Brill
Published: Jan 1, 2004
Keywords: PRIVATE SECURITY GUARDS; STATE RESPONSIBILITY; USE OF FORCE; PRISONS; HUMAN RIGHTS
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