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THE FIRST-CENTURY CONCEPT OF HI � RA* BY PATRICIA CRONE N SOURCES for the first century of Islamic history, the word higra I is used of two different types of emigration. Most commonly, it refers to emigration from Mecca to Medina in the time of the Prophet: this is the classical meaning of the word. But at other times it stands for emigration from Medina and other parts of Arabia to garrison cities in the conquered lands after the Prophet's s death, which is not classical usage. Participants in both types of emigration are known as muhagirun. How are the two meanings of the word related? Most scholars undoubtedly envisage the classical meaning as original and the non-classical usage as a later development. "Hijra no longer meant Flight, but emigration (with wife and children) to a military and political centre in order to serve there", as Wellhausen says with reference to the post-conquest period 1. In a recent study Madelung adopts the same view and traces the non- classical usage to 'Umar: "The duty of hyra acquired renewed, if changed, significance with the expansion of Islam after the death of Muhammad" ; reaffirmed by the caliph ?Umar, the
Arabica – Brill
Published: Jan 1, 1994
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