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AMBIVALENCE IN THE STRUCTURE OF DISPLAY VOCALIZATIONS OF GULLS AND TERNS: NEW EVIDENCE IN FAVOUR OF TINBERGEN'S CONFLICT HYPOTHESIS? by JAN VEEN1) (Zoological Laboratory, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 14, 9750 AA Haren (Gr.), The Netherlands) (With 6 Figures) (Acc. 6-III-1986) 1. Introduction The wellknown studies of the behaviour of gulls conducted by Niko TINBERGEN and many of his collaborators have more than any other com- parative behaviour study been fruitful in giving a coherent explanation of the possible origin, evolution, causation and function of threat and courtship displays (TINBERGEN & MOYNIHAN, 1952; TINBERGEN & BROEKHUYSEN, 1954; TINBERGEN, 1959; MOYNIHAN, 1955a, b; WEID- MANN, 1955; E. CULLEN, 1957; J. M. CULLEN, 1956, 1960; MANLEY, 1960). The most powerful explanations follow from the ambivalent nature of the displays: methods including an analysis of the form, the position within a sequence of behaviour patterns and the situation of oc- currence have all led to consider social displays as arising from a conflict between motivational systems for attack and escape. The hypothesis that displays originate from two simultaneously activated motivational systems was originally developed to explain the evolutionary origin of the displays. In this sense the 'conflict hypothesis' is generally accepted. However,
Behaviour – Brill
Published: Jan 1, 1987
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