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The Future Task of the History of Religions1)

The Future Task of the History of Religions1) Numen International Review for the History of Religions brill.com/nu Instructions for Authors Scope Numen (NU) publishes papers representing the most recent scholarship in all areas of the history of religions. It covers a diversity of geographical regions and religions of the past as well as of the present. The approach of the journal to the study of religion is strictly non-confessional. While the emphasis lies on empirical, source-based research, typical contributions also address issues that have a wider historical or comparative significance for the advancement of the discipline. Numen also publishes papers that discuss important theoretical innovations in the study of religion and reflective studies on the history of the discipline. The journal also publishes review articles and book reviews to keep professionals in the discipline updated about recent developments. Occasionally, Numen announces news about the activities of the International Association for the History of Religions (IAHR) and its member associations. See also www.iahr.dk. Ethical and Legal Conditions The publication of a manuscript in a peer-reviewed work is expected to follow standards of ethical behavior for all parties involved in the act of publishing: authors, editors, and reviewers. Authors, editors, and reviewers should thoroughly acquaint themselves with Brill’s publication ethics, which may be downloaded here: brill.com/fileasset/downloads_static/static_publishingjournal_legalconditions.pdf. Online Submission Numen uses online submission only. Authors should submit their manuscript via the Editorial Manager (EM) online submission system at: editorialmanager.com/nu. First-time users of EM need to register first. Go to the website and click on the "Register Now" link in the login menu. Enter the information requested. During registration, you can fill in your username and password. If you should forget your Username and Password, click on the "Send Username/Password" link in the login section, and enter your first name, last name and e-mail address exactly as you had entered it when you registered. Your access codes will then be e-mailed to you. Prior to submission, authors are encouraged to read the “Instructions for Authors.” When submitting via the website, you will be guided stepwise through the creation and uploading of the various files. A revised document is uploaded the same way as the initial submission. The system automatically generates an electronic (PDF) proof, which is then used for reviewing purposes. All correspondence, including the editor’s request for revision and final decision, is sent by e-mail. Please visit the site and log into the site. If you are not yet registered please register yourself and complete the requested information. Your Log in information will be sent to your e-mail address automatically. After logging on to the site, please follow the on-screen steps to upload your manuscript for evaluation. Last revised on 12 April 2022 page 1 of 10 Numen International Review for the History of Religions brill.com/nu Instructions for Authors Double-blinded Peer Review Numen uses a double-blind peer review system, which means that manuscript author(s) do not know who the reviewers are, and that reviewers do not know the names of the author(s). When you submit your article via Editorial Manager, you will be asked to submit a separate title page that includes the full title of the manuscript, the names and complete contact details of all authors, the abstract, keywords, and any acknowledgement texts.. This page will not be accessible to the referees. All other files (manuscript, figures, tables, etc.) should not contain any information concerning author names, institutions, etc. The names of these files and the document properties should also be anonymized. Contact Address For any questions or problems relating to your manuscript please contact the Managing Editors: Nickolas P. Roubekas, nroubekas@icloud.com; Ülo Valk, ulo.valk@ut.ee. For eventual questions about Editorial Manager, authors can also contact the Brill EM Support Department at: em@brill.com. Submission Requirements Language and Spelling Articles in Numen follow the conventions of US English: − Double quotation marks with final punctuation within closing punctuation marks. − Serial/Oxford comma is used: red, white, and blue not red, white and blue. − Periods are used after abbreviations, but not in acronyms: Dr., p. (page), St. (saint), USA, NATO, BCE, CE. Use US rather than UK spelling: honor, not honour; center, not centre; realize, not realise. Follow Merriam-Webster dictionary spellings. In the field of Arabic and Middle East studies, follow the spellings and styles of the International Journal of Middle East Studies. Their comprehensive transliteration guide and wordlist can be found online. Use inclusive language. Whenever possible, use plural forms of the third-person pronoun. If the singular is used, avoid slash marks or other awkward conventions: he or she not s/he, and him or her not him/her. Do not use the abbreviations e.g. (for example) and i.e. (that is) in main body text. They can be used in parentheses or in notes, where they should be followed by a comma. When a colon is used within a sentence, the first word following the colon should not be capitalized unless: (i) it is a proper noun; (ii) the colon introduces two or more sentences; or (iii) the colon introduces speech in dialogue or a grammatically complete quotation or question. The phrase “on the other hand” should only be used if “on the one hand” has been used first. The general rule regarding the possessive of singular nouns (addition of ’s) is also followed for possessive of proper nouns, including those ending in s, x, or z: Jesus’s adherents, Dickens’s novels, Tacitus’s Histories. Last revised on 12 April 2022 page 2 of 10 Numen International Review for the History of Religions brill.com/nu Instructions for Authors Unicode Font All manuscripts should be set in a complete Unicode typeface (font). Brill has developed its own Unicode typeface, which can be downloaded for free and we would recommend authors use this wherever possible, see brill.com/page/BrillFontDownloads/Download-The-Brill-Typeface and select “The Brill Typeface Package v. 4.0 (zip file).” If your manuscript contains non-Roman scripts, please also provide a pdf of the article in which all characters are displayed correctly. Length Manuscripts should not exceed 10 000 words. Manuscript Structure It is the sole responsibility of the authors (not of the editors) to provide their article with a faultless list of references, corresponding to the journal’s style guide, and with every reference mentioned in the text also appearing in the references section. For articles submitted without following the journal’s guidelines as stipulated, the editors will return them to their authors and only further process them upon resubmission. General Unless specified below, Numen follows standard US academic publishing conventions for matters of style and format, conforming to the Chicago Manual of Style, 17th Edition (CMS). Headings should not be numbered. General acknowledgements (to institutions, colleagues etc.) should come in a section at the end of the article before the References. An acknowledgement to a funding authority/program can come in a numbered footnote at the beginning of the article. Abstract and Keywords The article must contain an abstract not longer than 150 words, and 2-6 keywords. Hyphenation and Compound Words Follow the Merriam-Webster Dictionary and Chicago Manual of Style (7.89) regarding hyphenation. The general approach is minimal use of hyphens. − Adverbs ending -ly should not be followed by a hyphen. − Most permanent combined forms do not require a hyphen: socioeconomic, salesperson, northeast, subfield. − Compounds formed with prefixes are normally closed, whether they are nouns, verbs, adjectives, or adverbs. A hyphen should appear, however: Last revised on 12 April 2022 page 3 of 10 Numen International Review for the History of Religions brill.com/nu Instructions for Authors (i) before a capitalized word or a numeral (sub-Saharan, pre-1950); (ii) before a compound term (non-self-sustaining, pre-Vietnam War, but prewar) (iii) to separate two i’s, two a’s, and other combinations of letters or syllables that might cause misreading (anti-intellectual, extra-alkaline, pro-life); (iv) to separate the repeated terms in a double prefix (sub-subentry); (v) when a prefix or combining form stands alone (over- and underused, macro- and microeconomics). Italics Use italics for isolated words that are not frequently used in English. For specific words that are used frequently within an article then italic should be used at first appearance only. Proper names are not italicized. (CMS 7.53). Use italic for emphasis. However, use as sparingly as possible. Excessive use of italic for emphasis reduces its force. Do not use bold or underlining for emphasis. Italic should be used for book titles, journals, films, paintings, and other major or freestanding works. Book series and websites are not italicized (CMS 8.2). If italics have been used in a quotation it is important to point out whether the italics appear in the original or are editorial: “In the domain of religion, we find an analogous situation” (Hammer and Lewis 2007: 2; italics added / italics in original). Dates and Numbers Dates should be given as BCE/CE (no periods). Avoid dating in BC/AD. Whole numbers from zero through one hundred and certain round multiples of those numbers should be written out in the main text (CMS 9.2). All number ranges (in main text, notes, and references) should be complete, without elision: 10–15, 100– 108, 1000–1089, 2250–2251. Centuries should be spelled out: twelfth century, twenty-first century. Dates should follow the US style (month, day, [comma] year): August 18, 2011. Quotations All quotations require a source to be cited. Quotations should be given verbatim and with the spelling, capitalization, etc. of the original version, even including errors. Errors should be indicated by inserting [sic] (italicized, brackets) only where readers might otherwise assume the mistake is in the transcription rather than the original. Sic should not be used just to call attention to unconventional spellings, which should be explained (if required) in a note. Last revised on 12 April 2022 page 4 of 10 Numen International Review for the History of Religions brill.com/nu Instructions for Authors Whenever quotation marks are used (either to indicate quotations or to highlight specific words – “scare” quotes), double quotation marks are used first. Expressions that appear within text already delimited by quotation marks then take single quotation marks. Quotations of more than fifty words should be set off (displayed) from the main text, without quotation marks. In these cases the quotation source should appear on the following line: Crumley focuses on the dynamic aspects of shifting power, like its distribution, or the conditions of stable and instable configurations of political actors: While hierarchy undoubtedly characterizes power relations in some societies, it is equally true that coalitions, federations, and other examples of shared or counterpoised power abound. The addition of the term heterarchy to the vocabulary of power relation reminds us that forms of order exist that are not exclusively hierarchical and that interactive elements in complex societies need not be permanently ranked relative to another. CRUMLEY 1995: 3 Ellipses Brackets (parentheses or square brackets) are not required around ellipses when used to indicate omission. Square brackets should only be used where there are ellipses in the original and editorial ellipses need to be distinguished from these. A period is added before an ellipsis to indicate the omission of the end of a sentence, unless the sentence is deliberately incomplete. A period at the end of a sentence in the original is retained before an ellipsis indicating the omission of material immediately following the period. Ellipses are not generally required at the start or end of a quotation. Translations Quotations from a language other than English that are incorporated into an English text are treated like quotations in English. They do not need to be italicized and are punctuated as in the original except that quotation marks can usually replace guillemets (or their equivalents), and punctuation relative to quotation marks and spacing relative to punctuation are adjusted to conform to the surrounding text (CMS 11.12). Generally, English translations should be provided for text passages that appear in languages other than English. A translation may follow the original in parentheses or the original may follow a translation, however the approach should be consistent within the article. Quotation marks are not repeated for the parenthetical translation (or parenthetical original, as the case may be): A line from Goethe, “Wer nie sein Brot mit Tränen aß” (Who never ate his bread with tears), comes to mind. When quoting extended translations from original sources in languages other than English, e.g., Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Arabic, Sanskrit, or others, the original text in the original language should be given in Last revised on 12 April 2022 page 5 of 10 Numen International Review for the History of Religions brill.com/nu Instructions for Authors footnotes. It is up to the author whether the original language is presented in the original script or in transcription. If transcription is used, an accepted model of conventions should be used (e.g., the SBL Handbook or similar accepted conventions in the relevant subfield). Referencing Apparatus Unless an extensive review essay, book reviews should not include a list of references. Any references that are necessary should be parenthetical and consist of book/article title, place of publication (if a book), and year. Numen follows the author-date/Harvard system for referencing. References should be by inline citation. Inline citations should be within parentheses (square brackets if nested within statements enclosed by parentheses). They stand outside of quotation marks (inasmuch as they are not part of the quote) but come before punctuation marks: As others have noted, “inventing historical lineages seems particularly prevalent in the world of religion” (Hammer and Lewis 2007: 2). Inline citations consist of author’s last name + space + year of publication + colon + space + page number. There is no space before the colon. The author’s name is omitted from the citation if it appears directly in the text: According to Hammer and Lewis, “inventing historical lineages seems particularly prevalent in the world of religion” (2007: 2). In such examples it aids readability for the citation to follow the quotation in question. Multiple references to the same author within a single citation are separated by a semicolon: (Eliade 1963: 25, 27; 1969: 12). References to different authors within a single citation are separated by semicolons: (Bradby 2010: 700; Chryssides 2007: 118). References to source texts and primary empirical materials appear in Roman text rather than italics. When those texts are divided into standard sections (e.g., chapters and verses), they are followed by a space (without punctuation) and the appropriate identifiers for the passage, separated by a colon: Exodus 20:2–3, Matthew 6:9–13, Bhagavadgītā 18:66. Use abbreviations (with a period) rather than short forms for books of the Bible: Matt. not Mt, 1 Pet. not 1 Pt, Exod. not Ex. Please mention which editions of empirical source materials (e.g., ancient texts or other materials) you are using. cf. means “compare” or “see, by way of comparison”; it should not be used in place of “see.” Ibid. and idem/eadem should not be used. Footnotes Unless an extensive review essay, book reviews should not include footnotes. Footnotes should be used only to convey further information. Source citations should be given inline in most cases. Note indicators should always follow punctuation, preferably at the end of a sentence or clause. Last revised on 12 April 2022 page 6 of 10 Numen International Review for the History of Religions brill.com/nu Instructions for Authors Direct citations in footnotes do not require parentheses if year only is given: The earliest use of this term was Madkour 1934 and, subsequently, Gardet 1951. Nor are parentheses required if the sentence is a brief direction to a source: For more, see Gardet 1951: 123. Where the note is more discursive and the citations are supporting the discussion then citations should be treated in the same way as in the main text (enclosed in parentheses). Websites and Online Sources Wherever possible, references to online sources should follow the same citation form as those to printed sources. An author/publisher and a date should be identified and should be used to cite in the usual way. URLs should not be referred to in footnotes unless author-date references cannot be used (see below, 6.4 Online-only material). Access dates of online material are of limited value, so are not required in the list of references. List of References A list entitled References appears at the end of the article. It contains all works cited in the body of the text, but only works cited. All references should be to the edition or version used or cited. Reprints should only be included when they have been directly consulted and cited. Works appear alphabetically by author’s name (family name, given [first and middle] names), then chronologically by year of publication, oldest first. When more than one work by the same author appears in a single year the year is followed (without a space) by a lower-case letter, beginning with “a” for the first work and continuing sequentially: 2007a, 2007b, 2007c, etc. Where there are multiple works by a single author, the name should be repeated. An indent or em dash should not be used. Authors should be identified by their full first names, not by initials: Lewis, James M. not Lewis, J. M. It is generally not necessary to give the year of previous/first editions of cited works — the year of publication of the actual edition used should suffice. If it is deemed necessary to provide an original date this should appear in parentheses before the later date. In the inline citation the parentheses are replaced with brackets: (Otto [1917] 1958: 55). For English sources, all titles (chapters, books, articles, journals) should take headline/maximum capitalization (CMS 8.159). French sources should follow French sentence capitalization (CMS 11.27). German sources should follow German sentence capitalization (CMS 11.39). Identify editions by abbreviation, not by superscript numbers: 2nd ed. not 1958. Place of publication should be anglicized: Munich not München, Rome not Roma, Beirut not Beyrout, Cologne not Köln. Only a single place of publication is required where publishers have multiple branches. Book series titles do not need to be given. Last revised on 12 April 2022 page 7 of 10 Numen International Review for the History of Religions brill.com/nu Instructions for Authors Examples of Reference Entries In the list of references, the punctuation and formatting should follow the examples below. Book, Single Author/Editor Arafat, Ala ad-Din. 2001. Al-ʿalaqat al-masriyyah al-faransiyyah min at-taʿawun ila at-tawatuʾ 1906–1923 [The Egyptian–French Relations from Cooperation to Agreement 1906–1923]. Cairo: Al-Arabi. Deussen, Paul. 1980. Sixty Upaniṣads of the Veda. V. M. Bedekar and G. B. Palsule (trans.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. King, Karen L. 2003a. What is Gnosticism? Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. King, Karen L. 2003b. The Gospel of Mary of Magdala: Jesus and the First Woman Apostle. Santa Rosa, CA: Polebridge. Otto, Rudolf. (1917) 1958. The Idea of the Holy. New York: Oxford University Press. Zetzel, James E. G. (ed. and trans.). 1999. Cicero: On the Commonwealth and On the Laws. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Where a publication is issued by an organization and no personal name appears on the title page, the organization should be listed as the author, even where it is also the publisher. Where an organization’s abbreviation is used in the inline citation then this abbreviation, not the full version, should be used as the headword in the reference list. ISO (International Organization for Standardization). 1997. Information and Documentation—Rules for the Abbreviation of Title Words and Titles of Publications. Paris: ISO. Book, Two+ Authors Bader, Christopher D., F. Carson Mencken, and Joseph O. Baker. 2010. Paranormal America: Ghost Encounters, UFO Sightings, Bigfoot Hunts, and Other Curiosities in Religion and Culture. New York: New York University Press. Chapter in an Edited Volume Bradby, Ruth. 2011. “Science as Legitimation for Spirituality: From The Aquarian Conspiracy to Channelling and A Course in Miracles.” In James Lewis and Olav Hammer (eds.), Handbook of Religion and the Authority of Science, 687–705. Leiden: Brill. Please note: even if the edited volume is included in the reference list in its own right, its full details should be given in references to chapters within it. Do not use, for example, “in Lewis and Hammer 2011.” Multivolume Works Harley, J. Brian, and David Woodward. (eds.). 1987. Cartography in the Traditional East and Southeast Asian Societies. Vol. 2, bk. 2, of The History of Cartography. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Laoust, Henri. 1968. “Ibn Taymiyya.” In Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, and Everett K. Rowson (eds.), Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed., vol. 3, 951–955. Leiden: Brill. Last revised on 12 April 2022 page 8 of 10 Numen International Review for the History of Religions brill.com/nu Instructions for Authors Richards, John F. 1995. The Mughal Empire. Vol 1.5 of The New Cambridge History of India. New York: Cambridge University Press. Journal Article Barstow, Anne. 1978. “The Uses of Archaeology for Women’s History: James Mellaart’s Work on the Neolithic Goddess at Catal Huyuk.” Feminist Studies 4(3): 7–18. Keng, Shao-Hsun, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem. 2017. “Expanding College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality.” Journal of Human Capital 11(1): 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1086/690235. Book Review Ammerman, Nancy. 2002. Review of Rodney Stark, One True God: Historical Consequences of Monotheism. Sociology of Religion 63(4): 548–550. Journal Special Issue Tomii, Reiko, and Midori Yoshimoto. (eds.). 2013. “Collectivism in Twentieth-Century Japanese Art.” Special issue, Positions: Asia Critique 21(2). Article in Journal Special Issue Miwako Tezuka. 2013. “Jikken Kōbō and Takiguchi Shūzō: The New Deal Collectivism of 1950s Japan.” In Reiko Tomii and Midori Yoshimoto (eds.), “Collectivism in Twentieth-Century Japanese Art,” special issue, Positions: Asia Critique 21(2): 351–381. Newspaper/Magazine Article Kehoe, Jacqueline. 2019. “The World’s Northernmost Pilgrimage Route is in Norway – And Almost No One’s Heard of It.” Afar, January 19. https://www.afar.com/magazine/the-worlds-northernmost- pilgrimage-route-is-in-norway-and-almost-no-ones-heard. Manjoo, Farhad. 2017. “Snap Makes a Bet on the Cultural Supremacy of the Camera.” The New York Times, March 8. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/08/technology/snap-makes-a-bet-on-the-cultural- supremacy-of-the-camera.html. Dissertation McLaughlin, Levi 2009. “Sōka Gakkai in Japan.” PhD diss., Princeton University. Online-Only Material Brill. n.d. Homepage. https://brill.com/. Germano, William. 2017. “Futurist Shock.” Lingua Franca (blog), Chronicle of Higher Education, February 15. http://www.chronicle.com/blogs/linguafranca/2017/02/15/futurist-shock. Last revised on 12 April 2022 page 9 of 10 Numen International Review for the History of Religions brill.com/nu Instructions for Authors Nidaros Cathedral. n.d. “St. Olav.” https://www.nidarosdomen.no/en/music-architecture-and- history/olavsarven. Yale University. n.d. “About Yale: Yale Facts.” https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts. Publication Proofs Upon acceptance, a PDF of the article proofs will be sent to authors by e-mail to check carefully for factual and typographic errors. Authors are responsible for checking these proofs and are strongly urged to make use of the Comment & Markup toolbar to note their corrections directly on the proofs. At this stage in the production process only minor corrections are allowed. Alterations to the original manuscript at this stage will result in considerable delay in publication and, therefore, are not accepted unless charged to the author. Proofs should be returned promptly. If proofs are not returned in time, the editors will send their own corrected proofs to the printers. E-offprints A PDF file of the article will be supplied free of charge by the publisher to authors for personal use. Brill is a RoMEO yellow publisher. The Author retains the right to self-archive the submitted (pre-peer-review) version of the article at any time. The submitted version of an article is the author's version that has not been peer-reviewed, nor had any value added to it by Brill (such as formatting or copy editing). The Author retains the right to self-archive the accepted (peer-reviewed) version without any embargo period. 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This allows for non-exclusive Open Access publication under a Creative Commons license in exchange for an Article Publication Charge (APC), upon signing a special Brill Open Consent to Publish Form. More information on Brill Open can be found on brill.com/brillopen. Last revised on 12 April 2022 page 10 of 10 http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Numen Unpaywall

The Future Task of the History of Religions1)

Bleeker, C.J.
Numen – Jan 1, 1960
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0029-5973
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10.1163/156852760x00136
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Abstract

Numen International Review for the History of Religions brill.com/nu Instructions for Authors Scope Numen (NU) publishes papers representing the most recent scholarship in all areas of the history of religions. It covers a diversity of geographical regions and religions of the past as well as of the present. The approach of the journal to the study of religion is strictly non-confessional. While the emphasis lies on empirical, source-based research, typical contributions also address issues that have a wider historical or comparative significance for the advancement of the discipline. Numen also publishes papers that discuss important theoretical innovations in the study of religion and reflective studies on the history of the discipline. The journal also publishes review articles and book reviews to keep professionals in the discipline updated about recent developments. Occasionally, Numen announces news about the activities of the International Association for the History of Religions (IAHR) and its member associations. See also www.iahr.dk. Ethical and Legal Conditions The publication of a manuscript in a peer-reviewed work is expected to follow standards of ethical behavior for all parties involved in the act of publishing: authors, editors, and reviewers. Authors, editors, and reviewers should thoroughly acquaint themselves with Brill’s publication ethics, which may be downloaded here: brill.com/fileasset/downloads_static/static_publishingjournal_legalconditions.pdf. Online Submission Numen uses online submission only. Authors should submit their manuscript via the Editorial Manager (EM) online submission system at: editorialmanager.com/nu. First-time users of EM need to register first. Go to the website and click on the "Register Now" link in the login menu. Enter the information requested. During registration, you can fill in your username and password. If you should forget your Username and Password, click on the "Send Username/Password" link in the login section, and enter your first name, last name and e-mail address exactly as you had entered it when you registered. Your access codes will then be e-mailed to you. Prior to submission, authors are encouraged to read the “Instructions for Authors.” When submitting via the website, you will be guided stepwise through the creation and uploading of the various files. A revised document is uploaded the same way as the initial submission. The system automatically generates an electronic (PDF) proof, which is then used for reviewing purposes. All correspondence, including the editor’s request for revision and final decision, is sent by e-mail. Please visit the site and log into the site. If you are not yet registered please register yourself and complete the requested information. Your Log in information will be sent to your e-mail address automatically. After logging on to the site, please follow the on-screen steps to upload your manuscript for evaluation. Last revised on 12 April 2022 page 1 of 10 Numen International Review for the History of Religions brill.com/nu Instructions for Authors Double-blinded Peer Review Numen uses a double-blind peer review system, which means that manuscript author(s) do not know who the reviewers are, and that reviewers do not know the names of the author(s). When you submit your article via Editorial Manager, you will be asked to submit a separate title page that includes the full title of the manuscript, the names and complete contact details of all authors, the abstract, keywords, and any acknowledgement texts.. This page will not be accessible to the referees. All other files (manuscript, figures, tables, etc.) should not contain any information concerning author names, institutions, etc. The names of these files and the document properties should also be anonymized. Contact Address For any questions or problems relating to your manuscript please contact the Managing Editors: Nickolas P. Roubekas, nroubekas@icloud.com; Ülo Valk, ulo.valk@ut.ee. For eventual questions about Editorial Manager, authors can also contact the Brill EM Support Department at: em@brill.com. Submission Requirements Language and Spelling Articles in Numen follow the conventions of US English: − Double quotation marks with final punctuation within closing punctuation marks. − Serial/Oxford comma is used: red, white, and blue not red, white and blue. − Periods are used after abbreviations, but not in acronyms: Dr., p. (page), St. (saint), USA, NATO, BCE, CE. Use US rather than UK spelling: honor, not honour; center, not centre; realize, not realise. Follow Merriam-Webster dictionary spellings. In the field of Arabic and Middle East studies, follow the spellings and styles of the International Journal of Middle East Studies. Their comprehensive transliteration guide and wordlist can be found online. Use inclusive language. Whenever possible, use plural forms of the third-person pronoun. If the singular is used, avoid slash marks or other awkward conventions: he or she not s/he, and him or her not him/her. Do not use the abbreviations e.g. (for example) and i.e. (that is) in main body text. They can be used in parentheses or in notes, where they should be followed by a comma. When a colon is used within a sentence, the first word following the colon should not be capitalized unless: (i) it is a proper noun; (ii) the colon introduces two or more sentences; or (iii) the colon introduces speech in dialogue or a grammatically complete quotation or question. The phrase “on the other hand” should only be used if “on the one hand” has been used first. The general rule regarding the possessive of singular nouns (addition of ’s) is also followed for possessive of proper nouns, including those ending in s, x, or z: Jesus’s adherents, Dickens’s novels, Tacitus’s Histories. Last revised on 12 April 2022 page 2 of 10 Numen International Review for the History of Religions brill.com/nu Instructions for Authors Unicode Font All manuscripts should be set in a complete Unicode typeface (font). Brill has developed its own Unicode typeface, which can be downloaded for free and we would recommend authors use this wherever possible, see brill.com/page/BrillFontDownloads/Download-The-Brill-Typeface and select “The Brill Typeface Package v. 4.0 (zip file).” If your manuscript contains non-Roman scripts, please also provide a pdf of the article in which all characters are displayed correctly. Length Manuscripts should not exceed 10 000 words. Manuscript Structure It is the sole responsibility of the authors (not of the editors) to provide their article with a faultless list of references, corresponding to the journal’s style guide, and with every reference mentioned in the text also appearing in the references section. For articles submitted without following the journal’s guidelines as stipulated, the editors will return them to their authors and only further process them upon resubmission. General Unless specified below, Numen follows standard US academic publishing conventions for matters of style and format, conforming to the Chicago Manual of Style, 17th Edition (CMS). Headings should not be numbered. General acknowledgements (to institutions, colleagues etc.) should come in a section at the end of the article before the References. An acknowledgement to a funding authority/program can come in a numbered footnote at the beginning of the article. Abstract and Keywords The article must contain an abstract not longer than 150 words, and 2-6 keywords. Hyphenation and Compound Words Follow the Merriam-Webster Dictionary and Chicago Manual of Style (7.89) regarding hyphenation. The general approach is minimal use of hyphens. − Adverbs ending -ly should not be followed by a hyphen. − Most permanent combined forms do not require a hyphen: socioeconomic, salesperson, northeast, subfield. − Compounds formed with prefixes are normally closed, whether they are nouns, verbs, adjectives, or adverbs. A hyphen should appear, however: Last revised on 12 April 2022 page 3 of 10 Numen International Review for the History of Religions brill.com/nu Instructions for Authors (i) before a capitalized word or a numeral (sub-Saharan, pre-1950); (ii) before a compound term (non-self-sustaining, pre-Vietnam War, but prewar) (iii) to separate two i’s, two a’s, and other combinations of letters or syllables that might cause misreading (anti-intellectual, extra-alkaline, pro-life); (iv) to separate the repeated terms in a double prefix (sub-subentry); (v) when a prefix or combining form stands alone (over- and underused, macro- and microeconomics). Italics Use italics for isolated words that are not frequently used in English. For specific words that are used frequently within an article then italic should be used at first appearance only. Proper names are not italicized. (CMS 7.53). Use italic for emphasis. However, use as sparingly as possible. Excessive use of italic for emphasis reduces its force. Do not use bold or underlining for emphasis. Italic should be used for book titles, journals, films, paintings, and other major or freestanding works. Book series and websites are not italicized (CMS 8.2). If italics have been used in a quotation it is important to point out whether the italics appear in the original or are editorial: “In the domain of religion, we find an analogous situation” (Hammer and Lewis 2007: 2; italics added / italics in original). Dates and Numbers Dates should be given as BCE/CE (no periods). Avoid dating in BC/AD. Whole numbers from zero through one hundred and certain round multiples of those numbers should be written out in the main text (CMS 9.2). All number ranges (in main text, notes, and references) should be complete, without elision: 10–15, 100– 108, 1000–1089, 2250–2251. Centuries should be spelled out: twelfth century, twenty-first century. Dates should follow the US style (month, day, [comma] year): August 18, 2011. Quotations All quotations require a source to be cited. Quotations should be given verbatim and with the spelling, capitalization, etc. of the original version, even including errors. Errors should be indicated by inserting [sic] (italicized, brackets) only where readers might otherwise assume the mistake is in the transcription rather than the original. Sic should not be used just to call attention to unconventional spellings, which should be explained (if required) in a note. Last revised on 12 April 2022 page 4 of 10 Numen International Review for the History of Religions brill.com/nu Instructions for Authors Whenever quotation marks are used (either to indicate quotations or to highlight specific words – “scare” quotes), double quotation marks are used first. Expressions that appear within text already delimited by quotation marks then take single quotation marks. Quotations of more than fifty words should be set off (displayed) from the main text, without quotation marks. In these cases the quotation source should appear on the following line: Crumley focuses on the dynamic aspects of shifting power, like its distribution, or the conditions of stable and instable configurations of political actors: While hierarchy undoubtedly characterizes power relations in some societies, it is equally true that coalitions, federations, and other examples of shared or counterpoised power abound. The addition of the term heterarchy to the vocabulary of power relation reminds us that forms of order exist that are not exclusively hierarchical and that interactive elements in complex societies need not be permanently ranked relative to another. CRUMLEY 1995: 3 Ellipses Brackets (parentheses or square brackets) are not required around ellipses when used to indicate omission. Square brackets should only be used where there are ellipses in the original and editorial ellipses need to be distinguished from these. A period is added before an ellipsis to indicate the omission of the end of a sentence, unless the sentence is deliberately incomplete. A period at the end of a sentence in the original is retained before an ellipsis indicating the omission of material immediately following the period. Ellipses are not generally required at the start or end of a quotation. Translations Quotations from a language other than English that are incorporated into an English text are treated like quotations in English. They do not need to be italicized and are punctuated as in the original except that quotation marks can usually replace guillemets (or their equivalents), and punctuation relative to quotation marks and spacing relative to punctuation are adjusted to conform to the surrounding text (CMS 11.12). Generally, English translations should be provided for text passages that appear in languages other than English. A translation may follow the original in parentheses or the original may follow a translation, however the approach should be consistent within the article. Quotation marks are not repeated for the parenthetical translation (or parenthetical original, as the case may be): A line from Goethe, “Wer nie sein Brot mit Tränen aß” (Who never ate his bread with tears), comes to mind. When quoting extended translations from original sources in languages other than English, e.g., Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Arabic, Sanskrit, or others, the original text in the original language should be given in Last revised on 12 April 2022 page 5 of 10 Numen International Review for the History of Religions brill.com/nu Instructions for Authors footnotes. It is up to the author whether the original language is presented in the original script or in transcription. If transcription is used, an accepted model of conventions should be used (e.g., the SBL Handbook or similar accepted conventions in the relevant subfield). Referencing Apparatus Unless an extensive review essay, book reviews should not include a list of references. Any references that are necessary should be parenthetical and consist of book/article title, place of publication (if a book), and year. Numen follows the author-date/Harvard system for referencing. References should be by inline citation. Inline citations should be within parentheses (square brackets if nested within statements enclosed by parentheses). They stand outside of quotation marks (inasmuch as they are not part of the quote) but come before punctuation marks: As others have noted, “inventing historical lineages seems particularly prevalent in the world of religion” (Hammer and Lewis 2007: 2). Inline citations consist of author’s last name + space + year of publication + colon + space + page number. There is no space before the colon. The author’s name is omitted from the citation if it appears directly in the text: According to Hammer and Lewis, “inventing historical lineages seems particularly prevalent in the world of religion” (2007: 2). In such examples it aids readability for the citation to follow the quotation in question. Multiple references to the same author within a single citation are separated by a semicolon: (Eliade 1963: 25, 27; 1969: 12). References to different authors within a single citation are separated by semicolons: (Bradby 2010: 700; Chryssides 2007: 118). References to source texts and primary empirical materials appear in Roman text rather than italics. When those texts are divided into standard sections (e.g., chapters and verses), they are followed by a space (without punctuation) and the appropriate identifiers for the passage, separated by a colon: Exodus 20:2–3, Matthew 6:9–13, Bhagavadgītā 18:66. Use abbreviations (with a period) rather than short forms for books of the Bible: Matt. not Mt, 1 Pet. not 1 Pt, Exod. not Ex. Please mention which editions of empirical source materials (e.g., ancient texts or other materials) you are using. cf. means “compare” or “see, by way of comparison”; it should not be used in place of “see.” Ibid. and idem/eadem should not be used. Footnotes Unless an extensive review essay, book reviews should not include footnotes. Footnotes should be used only to convey further information. Source citations should be given inline in most cases. Note indicators should always follow punctuation, preferably at the end of a sentence or clause. Last revised on 12 April 2022 page 6 of 10 Numen International Review for the History of Religions brill.com/nu Instructions for Authors Direct citations in footnotes do not require parentheses if year only is given: The earliest use of this term was Madkour 1934 and, subsequently, Gardet 1951. Nor are parentheses required if the sentence is a brief direction to a source: For more, see Gardet 1951: 123. Where the note is more discursive and the citations are supporting the discussion then citations should be treated in the same way as in the main text (enclosed in parentheses). Websites and Online Sources Wherever possible, references to online sources should follow the same citation form as those to printed sources. An author/publisher and a date should be identified and should be used to cite in the usual way. URLs should not be referred to in footnotes unless author-date references cannot be used (see below, 6.4 Online-only material). Access dates of online material are of limited value, so are not required in the list of references. List of References A list entitled References appears at the end of the article. It contains all works cited in the body of the text, but only works cited. All references should be to the edition or version used or cited. Reprints should only be included when they have been directly consulted and cited. Works appear alphabetically by author’s name (family name, given [first and middle] names), then chronologically by year of publication, oldest first. When more than one work by the same author appears in a single year the year is followed (without a space) by a lower-case letter, beginning with “a” for the first work and continuing sequentially: 2007a, 2007b, 2007c, etc. Where there are multiple works by a single author, the name should be repeated. An indent or em dash should not be used. Authors should be identified by their full first names, not by initials: Lewis, James M. not Lewis, J. M. It is generally not necessary to give the year of previous/first editions of cited works — the year of publication of the actual edition used should suffice. If it is deemed necessary to provide an original date this should appear in parentheses before the later date. In the inline citation the parentheses are replaced with brackets: (Otto [1917] 1958: 55). For English sources, all titles (chapters, books, articles, journals) should take headline/maximum capitalization (CMS 8.159). French sources should follow French sentence capitalization (CMS 11.27). German sources should follow German sentence capitalization (CMS 11.39). Identify editions by abbreviation, not by superscript numbers: 2nd ed. not 1958. Place of publication should be anglicized: Munich not München, Rome not Roma, Beirut not Beyrout, Cologne not Köln. Only a single place of publication is required where publishers have multiple branches. Book series titles do not need to be given. Last revised on 12 April 2022 page 7 of 10 Numen International Review for the History of Religions brill.com/nu Instructions for Authors Examples of Reference Entries In the list of references, the punctuation and formatting should follow the examples below. Book, Single Author/Editor Arafat, Ala ad-Din. 2001. Al-ʿalaqat al-masriyyah al-faransiyyah min at-taʿawun ila at-tawatuʾ 1906–1923 [The Egyptian–French Relations from Cooperation to Agreement 1906–1923]. Cairo: Al-Arabi. Deussen, Paul. 1980. Sixty Upaniṣads of the Veda. V. M. Bedekar and G. B. Palsule (trans.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. King, Karen L. 2003a. What is Gnosticism? Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. King, Karen L. 2003b. The Gospel of Mary of Magdala: Jesus and the First Woman Apostle. Santa Rosa, CA: Polebridge. Otto, Rudolf. (1917) 1958. The Idea of the Holy. New York: Oxford University Press. Zetzel, James E. G. (ed. and trans.). 1999. Cicero: On the Commonwealth and On the Laws. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Where a publication is issued by an organization and no personal name appears on the title page, the organization should be listed as the author, even where it is also the publisher. Where an organization’s abbreviation is used in the inline citation then this abbreviation, not the full version, should be used as the headword in the reference list. ISO (International Organization for Standardization). 1997. Information and Documentation—Rules for the Abbreviation of Title Words and Titles of Publications. Paris: ISO. Book, Two+ Authors Bader, Christopher D., F. Carson Mencken, and Joseph O. Baker. 2010. Paranormal America: Ghost Encounters, UFO Sightings, Bigfoot Hunts, and Other Curiosities in Religion and Culture. New York: New York University Press. Chapter in an Edited Volume Bradby, Ruth. 2011. “Science as Legitimation for Spirituality: From The Aquarian Conspiracy to Channelling and A Course in Miracles.” In James Lewis and Olav Hammer (eds.), Handbook of Religion and the Authority of Science, 687–705. Leiden: Brill. Please note: even if the edited volume is included in the reference list in its own right, its full details should be given in references to chapters within it. Do not use, for example, “in Lewis and Hammer 2011.” Multivolume Works Harley, J. Brian, and David Woodward. (eds.). 1987. Cartography in the Traditional East and Southeast Asian Societies. Vol. 2, bk. 2, of The History of Cartography. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Laoust, Henri. 1968. “Ibn Taymiyya.” In Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, and Everett K. Rowson (eds.), Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed., vol. 3, 951–955. Leiden: Brill. Last revised on 12 April 2022 page 8 of 10 Numen International Review for the History of Religions brill.com/nu Instructions for Authors Richards, John F. 1995. The Mughal Empire. Vol 1.5 of The New Cambridge History of India. New York: Cambridge University Press. Journal Article Barstow, Anne. 1978. “The Uses of Archaeology for Women’s History: James Mellaart’s Work on the Neolithic Goddess at Catal Huyuk.” Feminist Studies 4(3): 7–18. Keng, Shao-Hsun, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem. 2017. “Expanding College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality.” Journal of Human Capital 11(1): 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1086/690235. Book Review Ammerman, Nancy. 2002. Review of Rodney Stark, One True God: Historical Consequences of Monotheism. Sociology of Religion 63(4): 548–550. Journal Special Issue Tomii, Reiko, and Midori Yoshimoto. (eds.). 2013. “Collectivism in Twentieth-Century Japanese Art.” Special issue, Positions: Asia Critique 21(2). Article in Journal Special Issue Miwako Tezuka. 2013. “Jikken Kōbō and Takiguchi Shūzō: The New Deal Collectivism of 1950s Japan.” In Reiko Tomii and Midori Yoshimoto (eds.), “Collectivism in Twentieth-Century Japanese Art,” special issue, Positions: Asia Critique 21(2): 351–381. Newspaper/Magazine Article Kehoe, Jacqueline. 2019. “The World’s Northernmost Pilgrimage Route is in Norway – And Almost No One’s Heard of It.” Afar, January 19. https://www.afar.com/magazine/the-worlds-northernmost- pilgrimage-route-is-in-norway-and-almost-no-ones-heard. Manjoo, Farhad. 2017. “Snap Makes a Bet on the Cultural Supremacy of the Camera.” The New York Times, March 8. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/08/technology/snap-makes-a-bet-on-the-cultural- supremacy-of-the-camera.html. Dissertation McLaughlin, Levi 2009. “Sōka Gakkai in Japan.” PhD diss., Princeton University. Online-Only Material Brill. n.d. Homepage. https://brill.com/. Germano, William. 2017. “Futurist Shock.” Lingua Franca (blog), Chronicle of Higher Education, February 15. http://www.chronicle.com/blogs/linguafranca/2017/02/15/futurist-shock. Last revised on 12 April 2022 page 9 of 10 Numen International Review for the History of Religions brill.com/nu Instructions for Authors Nidaros Cathedral. n.d. “St. Olav.” https://www.nidarosdomen.no/en/music-architecture-and- history/olavsarven. Yale University. n.d. “About Yale: Yale Facts.” https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts. Publication Proofs Upon acceptance, a PDF of the article proofs will be sent to authors by e-mail to check carefully for factual and typographic errors. Authors are responsible for checking these proofs and are strongly urged to make use of the Comment & Markup toolbar to note their corrections directly on the proofs. At this stage in the production process only minor corrections are allowed. Alterations to the original manuscript at this stage will result in considerable delay in publication and, therefore, are not accepted unless charged to the author. Proofs should be returned promptly. If proofs are not returned in time, the editors will send their own corrected proofs to the printers. E-offprints A PDF file of the article will be supplied free of charge by the publisher to authors for personal use. Brill is a RoMEO yellow publisher. The Author retains the right to self-archive the submitted (pre-peer-review) version of the article at any time. The submitted version of an article is the author's version that has not been peer-reviewed, nor had any value added to it by Brill (such as formatting or copy editing). The Author retains the right to self-archive the accepted (peer-reviewed) version without any embargo period. The accepted version means the version which has been accepted for publication and contains all revisions made after peer reviewing and copy editing, but has not yet been typeset in the publisher’s lay-out. The publisher’s lay-out must not be used in any repository or on any website (brill.com/resources/authors/publishing-books-brill/self-archiving-rights). License to Publish Transfer of Copyright By submitting a manuscript, the author agrees that the copyright for the article is transferred to the publisher if and when the article is accepted for publication. For that purpose the author needs to sign the License to Publish which will be sent with the first proofs of the manuscript. Open Access Should the author wish to publish the article in Open Access he/she can choose the Brill Open option. This allows for non-exclusive Open Access publication under a Creative Commons license in exchange for an Article Publication Charge (APC), upon signing a special Brill Open Consent to Publish Form. More information on Brill Open can be found on brill.com/brillopen. Last revised on 12 April 2022 page 10 of 10

Journal

Numen – Unpaywall

Published: Jan 1, 1960

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