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267 Paolo Santangelo considered late Ming and Qing period Suzhou, noting gentry involvement in textiles and also the role of merchant guilds. Within each craft the expatriate guilds united businessmen from their particular hometowns. Many gentry families also maintained formal census registrations in diverse locales apart from Suz- hou. At lower levels there was considerable fluidity within the working population between the countryside and Suzhou, while at the top, the county magistrates were themselves outsiders. There was no city yamen per se, nor were city residents citizens. Such factors inhibited the development of a civic consciousness in contrast with the Flemish textile towns or Italian city states. Susumu Fuma's article followed a Ming reform movement in Hangzhou. The issue concerned night watchman duty, traditionally performed by conscripted working class residents on a rotational basis. Burdened from long daytime labor shifts, they demanded commuting such duty to a paid service which would have transferred the cost burden to the wealthier classes, merchants and gentry. A school teacher named Ding Shiqing articulated their desires and emerged as a heroic movement leader whom gentry, merchants, and officials cruelly colluded to suppress. In recounting Yangzhou and its salt merchant society, Antonia Finnane
Journal of Asian and African Studies (in 2002 continued as African and Asian Studies) – Brill
Published: Jan 1, 1994
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